Polymorfismus

Polymorfismus je označení pro stav, kdy v populaci existují pro určitý znak minimálně 2 genetické varianty (alely). Zároveň musí frekvence jeho výskytu přesahovat v populaci 1 %. Jestliže je procentuální výskyt menší, mluvíme o náhodném výskytu – mutaci.

Polymorfismy mají své podklady v uspořádání DNA. Vzhledem k variabilitě genetického kódu se nemusí jednotlivé polymorfismy vždy projevit. Obzvláště vyskytují-li se v nekódujících oblastech – intronech. Pomocí lokalizace jednotlivých polymorfismů se dnes vytvářejí genetické mapy. Krátké repetitivní sekvence (mikrosatelity) jsou vysoce specifické pro jednotlivce a mohou být tedy užívány například i v určování rodičovství. Potomci dědí jednotlivé alely od svých rodičů.

Typy polymorfismů

1. Bodový polymorfismus
   • Vzniká následkem bodových mutací v DNA. Obvykle záměnou jednotlivých nukleotidů, které vedou k zařazení jiné aminokyseliny. Tento stav bývá detekován pomocí metody RFLP – Restriction Fragment Lenght Polymorphism.
   • Někdy bývá tento typ označován také jako SNP – single nucleotide polymorphism. V některých výzkumech byla nalezena spojitost mezi určitými formami SNP a multifaktoriálními chorobami – např.: hypertenze, diabetes nebo srdeční choroby.
2. Repetetivní sekvence
   • Úseky nukleotidů, které se v DNA vyskytují v mnoha kopiích. V rámci populace se však jejich délky a počty individuálně odlišují. Dědičnost odpovídá Mendelovským pravidlům.

RFLP

 Podrobnější informace naleznete na stránce RFLP.

Záměna i jednotlivého nukleotidu může vést k změně informace DNA, díky které nedochází v daném úseku ke štěpení pomocí restriktázy. V současné době dochází k pomnožení zkoumaných vláken DNA pomocí PCR (polymerázové řetězové reakce). Na základě rozlišeného štěpení úseků restriktázami, dochází ke vzniku různě dlouhých fragmentů a jejich odlišné rychlosti migrace při elektroforéze. Delší fragmenty se pohybují pomaleji.

Polymorfismy v biochemii

Také v biochemii se setkáváme s existencí několika různých variant, které mohou vycházet ze stejného lokusu. Příkladem jsou jednotlivé typy hemoglobinu – α,β, γ, δ. Každý z nich je determinován vlastním strukturálním genem. U jednotlivých typů se vyskytují záměny v jejich řetězci – často se jedná o záměnu pouze jedné aminokyseliny.

Setkáváme se však i s patologickými variantami polymorfismů. Změnou sekvence DNA může také docházet k chybnému přepisu informace a následnému chybění určitého enzymu.

Proč vznikají polymorfismy?

V tomto směru existuje několik teorií vzniku. Nasnadě je zejména snaha organismu o zvýhodnění určitého genotypu. Formou změny je nejčastěji mutace. Ta může vést například ke změně produkovaného množství nebo efektivity určitého proteinu. Polymorfismy však mohou vznikat i zcela náhodně tzv. genetickým driftem.

Frekvence výskytu polymorfismů se dle jednotlivých autorů výrazně liší. Jejich výskyt odpovídá přibližně 1 polymorfismu na 500-1000 párů bazí . V nekódujících oblastech se mohou polymorfismy vyskytovat dokonce na každém 50. nukleotidu, nemají však žádný klinický význam.

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